Printing technologies and electronic materials are currently consolidating their symbiotic relationship, assuming themselves as one of the multidisciplinary areas with greater growth prospects. All these different and numerous symbiosis reveal that we live in times of significant advances in society, industry, and technology, where businesses, and science are progressively working together in novel and thrilling ways. Such relations with joint benefits are not exclusive to animals, plants, and bacteria, once they can also be found between economic models, companies, energy policies, waste treatments, biomedical strategies, and industries. The specific kind of symbiosis depends on whether either or both organisms benefit from the relationship, being the mutually beneficial relation known as mutualism. Symbiosis is a term describing any relationship or interaction (by exchanging materials, energy, or information) between two different organisms.
Symbiotic relations are widespread in the natural environment that surrounds us, and hold up essential processes in several areas of biology, ranging from ecology, and botany to disease, and wellbeing. Disruptive challenges in various printing techniques, (un)expected future research directions of printed electronics, and imminent application trends are also highlighted, following a critical and subjective perspective. In this context, this study offers a broad review of the numerous printing technologies used in the processing of electronics, commonly used substrates, the most effective printed electronic materials, and the key post-printing treatments such as sintering. Being expected a galloping increase in the use of printed technologies in the near future, due to the digitalization efforts associated with the Internet of Things and the 4.0 revolution, it is timely and desirable to discuss the joint features, the interrelations, the complementarities, the interdependency, and the most demanding challenges linked to the relation between printed technologies and electronic materials. In recent years, printed electronics reached enormous popularity as a result of their huge potential to offer unique features that are not attainable through traditional fabrication, namely low-cost production, multifunctionality, stretchability, sustainability, and flexibility.
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